Vacunacion antirrábica en caninos y felinos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: Año 2021 / Rabies vaccination in Buenos Aires City: Year 2021

El objetivo del presente informe es exponer la situación actual de la vacunación antirrábica de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, con el fin de realizar una planificación estratégica de prevención y control de la enfermedad. Se utilizaron datos sobre vacunación realizada por veterinarias privadas estimados a partir de la venta de talonarios por parte del Consejo Profesional de Médicos Veterinarios (CPMV); así como la vacunación realizada por los efectores públicos de salud: Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur (IZLP) y Mascotas de la Ciudad (MC).

Vacunación canina y felina masiva en México: pobre rectoría y fallo de mercado / Massive canine and feline vaccination in Mexico: poor governance and market failure

Resume: Objetivo: Analizar la rectoría y los mecanismos de procuración de insumos en el contexto del Programa de Acción Específico de Prevención y Control de la Rabia Humana y la Semana Nacional de Vacunación Antirrábica canina y felina en México (SNVA-C). Material y métodos: La información se obtuvo mediante solicitudes al Instituto Nacional de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos Personales. Resultados: De 2009 a 2017 se aplicaron 158.9 millones de dosis de vacuna antirrábica canina y felina (VAR-CF) por un monto de compra aproximado de 1 915 MDP. Se documentó una débil rectoría que permite prácticas monopólicas y compras fragmentadas y directas. Las adquisiciones se han fincado con precios que varían entre entidades federativas y son significativamente más altos que los precios internacionales. Conclusión: Después de 30 años de operación de la SNVA-C en México, persisten pagos excesivos para la VAR-CF, los cuales son indicativos de una falla importante del mercado, caracterizada por nula competencia, información asimétrica y estructuras de incentivos desalineadas que impiden obtener un precio competitivo.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze decision-making concerning stewardship and procurement mechanisms in the context of the Program for Prevention and Control of Human Rabies and the National Canine and Feline Vaccination Week in Mexico. Materials and methods: The information was obtained through requests to the National Institute of Transparency, Access to Information and Protection of Personal Data. Results: From 2009 to 2017, 158.9 million doses of canine rabies vaccine (VAR-CF) were applied with an estimated budget of 1 915 million pesos. Our findings suggest weak stewardship and ineffective governance that allows monopolistic practices and fragmented and direct purchases. Prices for the same product vary discretionally between states and are significantly higher than those offered at international level. Conclusions: After 30 years of operation of the SNVA-C in Mexico, high prices of the VAR-CF persist, which are indicative of a significant market failure, characterized by zero competition, asymmetric information and misaligned incentive structures that precluded favorable price negotiation.

Nota técnica sobre esquema de profilaxia da raiva / Technical note on rabies prophylaxis scheme

Critérios para esquema de prevenção de raiva no Estado do Tocantins. Controle sorológico. Restrito a pessoas com risco de exposição permanente ao vírus da raiva, como: Médicos veterinários, técnicos da Agência de Defesa Agropecuária, biólogos, funcionários do Naturatins que atuam em captura de mamíferos silvestres, espeleólogos.

Criteria for a rabies prevention scheme in the State of Tocantins. Serological control. Restricted to people at risk of permanent exposure to the rabies virus, such as: Veterinarians, technicians from the Agricultural Defense Agency, biologists, Naturatins employees who work in capturing wild mammals, cavers.

Criterios para un plan de prevención de la rabia en el estado de Tocantins. Control serológico. Restringido a personas en riesgo de exposición permanente al virus de la rabia, tales como: Veterinarios, técnicos de la Agencia de Defensa Agrícola, biólogos, empleados de Naturatins que trabajan en la captura de mamíferos silvestres, espeleólogos.

Post-exposure human rabies prophylaxis: spatial patterns of inadequate procedures in Ceará - Brazil, 2007 to 2015

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the spatial distribution of inappropriate post-exposure human rabies procedures in Ceará, Brazil, between 2007 and 2015. METHODS: The ecological study population was based on the records of post-exposure human rabies procedures from the Notification Disease Information System. We analyzed the data using the Moran Index (I) and the Moran Local Index. RESULTS: There were 222,036 (95.8%) records with inappropriate post-exposure human rabies procedures. There was heterogeneity in their spatial distribution, with two significant clusters in the northeast and northwest regions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings help elaborate differentiated strategies to reduce unnecessary post-exposure human rabies procedures.

Human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis relative to the disease epidemiological status / Tratamento antirrábico humano pós-exposição em relação à situação epidemiológica da doença

Abstract This study evaluated the prophylactic measures adopted after attacks by dogs and cats in the main city of Northwester São Paulo State, based on the technical manual for post-exposure treatment, considering the not controlled (1990-1996) and controlled (1997-2010) rabies status. A retrospective analysis was done using the data from the SINAN records (W64-CID10) between 1990 and 2010. In most cases, the accidents were mild (76.9%), and biting animals were healthy (75.4%); therefore, no treatment was needed in 53.3% of the cases. In 64.6% of cases, the prescribed PEP treatment was inappropriate. The most indicated PEP treatments consisted of vaccine and RIG (43.4%), and either three doses of mouse brain vaccine or two doses of cell culture vaccine (76.5%), during the not controlled and controlled rabies periods, respectively. The treatment was more appropriate and followed the technical recommendations during controlled rabies periods compared to not controlled (p < 0.0001) periods. However, excessive application of RIG and rabies vaccine was observed in both periods.

Resumo O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a conduta profilática adotada após agressões por cães e gatos no município de Araçatuba, SP, com base no Manual Técnico de Tratamento Antirrábico Humano e considerando-se as situações de raiva não controlada (1990-1996) e controlada (1997-2010). Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos dados das fichas do SINAN (W64-CID10) preenchidas pelo serviço de atendimento antirrábico no período de 1990 a 2010. Na maioria dos casos os acidentes foram leves (76,9%) e os animais agressores estavam sadios (75,4%), resultando em 53,3% de dispensa do tratamento. Em 64,6% dos casos em que houve indicação de tratamento esta foi considerada inadequada. No período de raiva não controlada houve maior indicação do tratamento com vacina e soro (43,4%) e no de raiva controlada o tratamento com três doses de vacina Fuenzalida e Palácios ou duas doses de vacina de cultivo celular (76,5%). No período de raiva controlada as condutas foram mais adequadas, segundo as recomendações técnicas, do que no período de raiva não controlada (p < 0,0001), embora, em ambos os períodos, tenha se observado uma aplicação excessiva de soro e vacina.

Vigilancia, prevención y control de la rabia: Ciudad de Buenos Aires: Junio 2018 / Surveillance, prevention and control of rabies: City of Buenos Aires: June 2018

La rabia es una enfermedad viral, de distribución mundial que afecta al hombre y a todos los mamíferos tanto domésticos como silvestres, con una letalidad del 100% afectando el sistema nervioso central. Se transmite por medio de la inoculación del virus contenido en la saliva del animal infectado, principalmente por mordeduras o el lamido de heridas, o por predación cuando un animal caza un murciélago infectado y toma contacto con el virus desde el encéfalo del quiróptero. Otras formas de transmisión, menos frecuentes son por trasplante de tejidos infectados o por aerosoles. En este apartado, se describe la situación epidemiológica de esta zoonosis en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: observación de animales mordedores, detección de virus rábico en muestras mediante diagnóstico de laboratorio, vacunación de animales y control poblacional mediante esterilizaciones quirúrgicas, acciones de control de focos de rabia, y seguimiento de animales con exposición a murciélagos positivos a rabia o no analizables

Análise descritiva dos atendimentos antirrábicos humanos no Rio Grande do Sul entre 2012 a 2016 / Descriptive analysis of human rabies treatments in Rio Grande do Sul between 2012 and 2016

Há um grande número de atendimentos antirrábicos humanos (AARH) provocados por acidentes com herbívoros domésticos, quirópteros e felinos, registrados no banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) nos últimos anos. As fichas de investigação do atendimento antirrábico humano são a fonte oficial de descrição de dados do paciente, espécie animal agressora, antecedentes epidemiológicos e tratamento. São essas informações que norteiam e decidem o desfecho do caso de agressão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise descritiva dos AARH no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), no período de 2012 a 2016, com o propósito de contribuir para a melhoria das práticas de vigilância em saúde. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo com dados secundários oriundos do banco de dados do SINAN, onde foram analisados os dados de 163.978 fichas de investigação de AARH do RS. Além disso, foram realizadas uma análise espacial e uma análise de associação entre as varáveis da ficha AARH. As variáveis que apresentaram maior índice de incompletude foram a "escolaridade", "condição final do animal após observação", "tipo de ferimento" e "animal passível de observação". O perfil do AARH, no RS, mostrou que 63% dos casos estão na faixa etária de 15 a 65 anos. O tipo de exposição ao vírus rábico mais constante foi a mordedura, com 82,5% de frequência, na forma de ferimento único, com 61%, mais frequente em mãos e pés (32%) e membros inferiores (37%). A espécie agressora predominante foi a canina (87,7%), seguida pelos felinos (8%), herbívoros domésticos (2%), quirópteros (0,45%), primatas (0,16%) e raposas (0,05%). Em 73% dos casos os animais agressores são descritos como sadios, e os cães e gatos passíveis de observação representaram 74%. Os dados referentes às condutas de tratamento, demonstram que a "observação do animal" (34,4%) e a "observação + vacina" (38,7%) foram os tratamentos mais indicados para os pacientes. Houve associação estatística do sexo masculino e a ocorrência de casos de AARH envolvendo as espécies agressoras "quiróptero" (RP 1,38, IC95% 1,19-1,6) e "herbívoro doméstico" (RP 2,79, IC95% 2,58-3,02). As agressões por felinos foram cerca de duas vezes mais frequentes em indivíduos do sexo feminino quando comparadas com indivíduos do sexo masculino (RP de 2,09, IC95% 2,02-2,16). Houve aproximadamente duas vezes mais chance (RP 2,34, IC95% 2,25-2,43) das agressões por felinos ocorrerem em indivíduos com maior escolaridade. Em relação aos tipos de ferimentos, os quirópteros apresentaram uma chance 45% maior de provocar ferimentos superficiais do que as demais espécies agressoras. Em contrapartida, a chance de ocorrência de ferimentos profundos ou dilacerantes é 15% maior em agressões por primatas em comparação com todos os demais animais agressores. No RS, 82% dos pacientes procuraram atendimento médico em um dia após a agressão animal, o que pode mostrar uma maior percepção de risco de exposição ao vírus rábico. Foi realizado tratamento envolvendo soro e/ou vacinação em 50% das agressões por cães e gatos que eram em sua grande maioria observáveis e sadios. Em todos os municípios do RS houve a notificação de AARH, com maior concentração na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, na região da serra e na região de Passo Fundo, seguidas das regiões de Pelotas, Santa Maria, Santa Rosa, Frederico Westphalen e Litoral Norte. A identificação do perfil dos pacientes de AARH também pode direcionar ações de educação em saúde. A análise dos dados permite concluir que a baixa completude das fichas consiste em um problema para melhor interpretação das 13 informações obtidas no atendimento de AARH. Considerando que a taxa de incidência de raiva em cães e gatos é muito baixa no RS, haveria uma grande economia de insumos se o critério observação de cães e gatos fosse melhor utilizado. A identificação das áreas de maior ocorrência de AARH, e áreas de sobreposição de AARH com casos de raiva animal podem direcionar as ações de vigilância em saúde. (AU)

There are cases of human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (RPEP) generated by accidents with domestic herbivores, chiroptera and felines, registered in the database of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (SINAN) in recent years. The database from human rabies surveillance is the official source for describing patient data, animal species, epidemiological history and treatment. This information guides and establishes the approach of the case. The aim of this study is to provide a descriptive analysis of the human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in the Rio Grande do Sul state, from 2012 to 2016. A descriptive study was carried out with secondary data from the SINAN database where the data were analyzed from 163,978 records of RPEP from RS. In addition, a spatial analysis and an analysis of association between the variables of the RPEP was performed. The variables that presented the highest proportion of incompleteness were "educational level", "final condition of the animal after observation", "type of injury" and "if the animal observation was possible". The profile of potential human exposure to rabies in RS showed that around 63% of the cases were registered between the ages of 15 to 65 years old. The most frequent type of potential exposure to rabies virus was animal bite, with 82.5% frequency, particularly as a single wound (61%). The aggression was more frequent in hands and feet (32%) and lower limbs (37%). The predominant aggressor species was canine (87.7%), followed by felines (8%), domestic herbivores (2%), chiroptera (0.45%), primates (0.16%) and foxes (0.05%). There was a statistical association between males patients and the occurrence of RPEP cases involving bats (PR 1.38) and domestic herbivores (PR 2.79). Feline aggressions were about twice as frequent in women (PR 2.39). There was approximately two times more odds (PR 2.34) that feline aggressions in individuals with higher educational level. In contrast, the odds of occurrence of deep or tearing injuries is 15% higher in aggressions by primates compared to all other animals. In RS, 82% of the patients sought medical care one day after the animal aggression, which may show a greater perception of the risk of rabies exposure. Treatment involving rabies immunoglobulin and/or vaccination was performed in 50% of the aggressions by dogs and cats that were mostly observable and healthy. In all the municipalities of the RS state, there was notification of RPEP, with greater concentration in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, in the regions of Serra and Passo Fundo, followed by Pelotas, Santa Rosa, Frederico Westphalen and North Coast. The identification of the profile of the RPEP patients can also direct actions of health education. The analysis of the data allows the conclusion that the low completeness of the records consists of a problem for a better understand of the information obtained from post-exposure prophylaxis database. Considering that the incidence rate of rabies in dogs and cats is very low in RS state, there would be a great saving of immunobiologicals if the observation criterion of dogs and cats was better used. The identification of areas of higher occurrence of RPEP, and areas of RPEP overlap with cases of animal rabies may direct health surveillance actions.

Perfil dos atendimentos antirrábicos humanos no agreste pernambucano, 2010-2012 / Perfil de atenciones anti-rabia humana en la zona "agreste" de Pernambuco, Brasil, 2010-2012 / Profile of human anti-rabies treatment in the 'agreste' region of Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2010-2012*

Resumo Objetivo: descrever as características das notificações de atendimento antirrábico humano nos municípios da Mesorregião do Agreste Pernambucano, Brasil, de 2010 a 2012. Métodos: estudo descritivo com dados das fichas de atendimento antirrábico humano do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Resultados: foram incluídas 10.138 notificações de atendimento antirrábico humano; a espécie mais frequentemente envolvida foi a canina (68,1%), sob condição sadia (79,9%); a mordedura foi o tipo de contato mais comum (83,8%); predominaram ferimentos múltiplos (58,3%), em mãos/pés (39,4%), e ferimentos profundos (56,8%); observou-se baixa frequência de administração da combinação de soro+vacina (10.5%), mesmo com 47,9% das lesões consideradas graves e, consequentemente, necessitando dessa conduta profilática. Conclusão: foi identificada possível realização de condutas profiláticas inadequadas, evidenciando necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais de saúde para uma correta instituição da profilaxia antirrábica humana e preenchimento adequado das fichas de notificação.

Resumen Objetivo: describir las características de las notificaciones de tratamiento anti-rabia humana en los municipios de la mesorregión del "agreste" de Pernambuco, Brasil, 2010-2012. Métodos: se realizó un estudio con datos de tratamiento anti-rabia humana del Sistema de Información de la Notificación de las Enfermedades (Sinan) Resultados: fueron incluidas 10.138 notificaciones de tratamiento anti-rabia humana; la especie involucrada en el mayor número de notificaciones fue canina (68,1%), bajo condiciones saludables (79,9%), y la mordedura fue el contacto más común (83,8%), causando lesiones múltiples (58, 3%) en manos/pies (39,4%), heridas profundas en el 56,8% de los casos; se observó un pequeño número da combinación suero+vacuna (10.5%), incluso a cuando 47,9% de las lesiones se consideró grave necesitando esa conducta profiláctica. Conclusión: se identificó la realización posible de medidas profilácticas inapropiadas, poniendo en evidencia la necesidad de una educación en salud a profesionales de salud para la correcta institución de la profilaxis para rabia humana y un mejor cumplimiento de los formularios de notificación.

Abstract Objective: to describe the characteristics of reported human anti-rabies treatment in municipalities of the 'agreste' region of Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2010-2012. Methods: this was a descriptive study using data from human anti-rabies medical records filed on the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (Sinan). Results: 10,138 reported records of anti-rabies treatment were included; canines were the most involved species (68.1%), in good health condition (79.9%). Biting was the most common contact (83.8%), causing multiple injuries (58.3%), to hands/feet (39.4%), and deep wounds in 56.8% of cases; combined vaccine + serum administration frequency was found to be low (10.5%), even though 47.9% of injuries were considered severe and therefore required this prophylactic procedure. Conclusion: possible inadequate prophylaxis procedures were found, showing the need for health worker training aimed at ensuring correct human anti-rabies prophylaxis and the proper filling in of medical record files.

Encuesta sobre vacunación anti-rábica en veterinarios de fauna silvestre en Chile / Wildlife veterinarians rabies vaccination in Chile: a survey

Introduction: Rabies is a lethal but preventable disease. Knowing the extent of immunization coverage among at risk populations, may help to guide immunization efforts, as well as increase the effectiveness of rabies control and prevention programs. Aim: To determine the proportion of wildlife veterinarians in Chile, as part of a group at risk of rabies transmission. Methods: An electronic survey was sent to wildlife veterinarians in Chile. Results: We found that veterinarians in Chile work mainly with carnivores and deer compared to other mammals (p < 0.001), rarely works with bats (p = 0.6572). Most of the participants had been bitten by domestic animals, while a lesser proportion (29%) by wild animals. Most of the participants never received rabies vaccination (53%), while within the group that had started a rabies vaccination scheme, a substantial proportion (39%) did not complete it. Discussion and conclusion: Identify the vaccination status of risk groups is important for infectious disease control and prevention programs, as this information helps to identify priority groups during outbreaks or vaccine scarcity. Wildlife veterinarians in Chile are at risk of rabies transmission and should be included in rabies prevention programs, especially considering their vulnerability and lack of biosafety practices. Increasing education in rabies epidemiology and prevention is urgently needed in veterinary faculties in Chile.

Introducción: La rabia es una enfermedad infecciosa mortal pero prevenible. Establecer si existe una adecuada inmunización pre-exposición contra la rabia en un grupo de riesgo, puede ayudar a enfocar los esfuerzos de inmunización para hacer efectivos los programas de control y prevención de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar mediante una encuesta la proporción de veterinarios de fauna silvestre como grupo de riesgo que han recibido inmunización contra la rabia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta electrónica a veterinarios de fauna de vida silvestre de Chile. Resultados: Los veterinarios encuestados tienden a trabajar con carnívoros y ciervos en comparación con otros mamíferos (p < 0,001), rara vez con murciélagos (p = 0,6572). La mayoría de los encuestados había sido mordido por animales domésticos y una proporción menor (29%) por animales silvestres. La mayoría nunca había sido vacunado contra la rabia (53%), mientras que del grupo que sí había recibido vacunación anti-rábica, una importante proporción (39%) no completó el esquema de vacunación. Sorprendentemente, este grupo de profesionales rara vez trabaja con murciélagos (p = 0,6572), lo que puede reducir su exposición a linajes de rabia transmitida por murciélagos. Discusión y Conclusión: Identificar el estado de inmunización contra la rabia en grupos de riesgo es una información importante para evaluar los programas de prevención y control de enfermedades infecciosas y podría ayudar a identificar grupos prioritarios en situaciones de brote o escasez de vacuna. Los veterinarios de fauna de vida silvestre en Chile constituyen un grupo vulnerable: no mantienen prácticas de bioseguridad necesarias y tienen riesgo de adquirir la encefalitis rábica por lo que deberían ser considerados en los programas de prevención pre-exposición de la enfermedad. La educación sobre la epidemiología y prevención de la rabia es urgente en las facultades de medicina veterinaria en Chile.

Kinetics of rabies antibodies as a strategy for canine active immunization

Background Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of theLyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil.Findings During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period.Conclusions The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.(AU)

Análisis retrospectivo de la situación de vacunación antirrábica canina en Chile entre los años 2002-2012 / Retrospective analysis of the state of anti-rabies vaccination in dogs in Chile, 2002-2012

El último caso de rabia que afectó a un joven de Quilpué, región de Valparaíso, ha generado nuevamente interés por los perros en las calles. Esto debido a los problemas que ocasionan en salud pública, como por ejemplo mordeduras, y la transmisión de zoonosis, como es el caso de la rabia. La vacunación de los perros contra la rabia es esencial para limitar la transmisión del virus. Objetivo. La siguiente revisión bibliográfica se centra en estimar la proporción de vacunación antirrábica canina en diferentes ciudades de Chile, entre los años 2002 y 2012. Metodología. Se utilizó como fuente de información solo memorias de título de alumnos de pregrado de tres universidades de Chile, relacionadas con caracterizaciones demográficas y/o aspectos sanitarios de poblaciones caninas. Resultados. Se observó un promedio de 51,4 por ciento de perros vacunados contra la rabia en estudios en que no se solicitó certificado antirrábico y un 25,1 por ciento de perros vacunados al solicitar certificado. Discusión. Analizando los porcentajes de vacunación antirrábica en perros en algunas zonas de Chile, es posible establecer que la cobertura de vacunación en estas zonas es inferior al 70 por ciento propuesto por la OIE para poblaciones caninas, lo que conlleva un riesgo en la presentación de casos de rabia en animales y humanos. Conclusión. En algunas zonas de Chile hay niveles bajos de vacunación antirrábica en perros, y en ocasiones nulo. Es necesario fomentar la tenencia responsable de animales de compañía y educar acerca de la obligatoriedad anual de la vacuna antirrábica en perros.

The last rabies case that hit a young man at Quilpué, Valparaiso region, has generated interest again for dogs that can be found in streets. This is due to the problems arising in public health, such as dog bites, and transmission of zoonoses, such as rabies. Vaccination against rabies in dogs is essential to maintain limits to the virus transmission. Objective. This review focuses on estimating the proportion of canine rabies vaccination in different cities of Chile between 2002 and 2012. Methodology. Only undergraduate student’s theses of three Chilean universities were used as a source of information, all related with demographic characterization and/or sanitary aspects of canine populations. Results. An average of 51,4 percent of dogs vaccinated against rabies was observed in studies that did not request rabies certificate and 25,1 percent of vaccinated dogs in studies where rabies certificate was requested. Discussion. Analyzing the percentages of rabies vaccination in dogs in some places of Chile, it is possible to establish that vaccination coverage in these areas is less than the 70 percent proposed by the OIE for dogs populations, which implies a risk of presenting rabies cases in animals and humans. Conclusion. In some areas of Chile there are low levels of rabies vaccination in dogs, sometimes being null. Is necessary to promote responsible ownership of companion animals and educate about the mandatory annual rabies vaccine in dogs.

Rabies in a blind patient: Confusion after corneal transplantation.

Two blind persons received corneal transplants from a single donor who showed no signs of rabies before he died. One of the recipients, a young girl, died 16 days later of rabies and the other recipient survived. We discuss the possible mode of transmission of rabies to the first recipient and the management of the second recipient.

Guía técnica para estandarizar los procedimientos de la fase de ejecución de la campaña de vacunación antirrábica canina (VAN-CAN): R.M. Nº 035-2012/MINSA / Technical Guide to standardize procedures for the implementation phase of canine rabies vaccination campaign (VAN-CAN): RM No. 035-2012/MINSA

La presente publicación establece y estandariza los procedimientos y las acciones para el desarrollo de la fase de ejecución de la campaña nacional de vacunación antirrábica canina en el ámbito nacional y regional a fin de proteger la salud de la población

Incidence of dog bite injuries and clinical rabies in a tertiary health care institution: A 10-year retrospective study

Background: It is widely recognized that rabies is grossly under-reported even though it is a notifiable disease and a lack of accurate figures has rendered rabies a low public health and veterinary priority. This study aimed at determining the incidence of dog bite injuries and clinical rabies in a tertiary health care centre.Materials and Methods: Case records of patients managed at the accident and emergency unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, between June 2000 and May 2010 with diagnosis of dog bite and rabies were retrieved. Relevant clinical data were extracted using a structured questionnaire designed for the study.Results: Eighty-one persons out of 24,683 consultations in the accident and emergency unit presented with dog bite injuries with two clinical cases of human rabies. Mean age of victims of dog bite injuries was 21.1 ± 14.3 years and the majority (55.6%) were children. Males were more affected than females with a male:female ratio of 4.8:1, lower limb/buttock injuries were significantly higher in children than adults, but the adults sustained significantly more severe (type III) injury. The majority of dog bite injuries were washed with soap and irrigated with water or saline and 87.7% of the victim of dog bite received postexposure anti-rabies vaccine.Conclusion: Hospital incidence of dog bite injuries was low, but the use of postexposure prophylaxis was high

Fatal rabies despite post-exposure prophylaxis.

Only sporadic reports of failure of post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies exist in the published literature. We are reporting such a case in a 3-year-old boy. The child had Category III dog bite on his right thigh. He presented with progressive ascending paralysis, finally developing quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis. Typical hydrophobia and aerophobia were absent. He received four doses of antirabies cell culture vaccine. He did not receive antirabies immunoglobulin. The boy succumbed on the 23 rd day of the dog bite. Diagnosis of rabies was confirmed in the laboratory by demonstration of Negri bodies, direct fluorescent antibody test and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction either on impression smear of brain or a piece of brain taken during autopsy.

Is the skin sensitivity test required for administering equine rabies immunoglobulin.

Background. Rabies immunoglobulins are life-saving in patients with severe exposure to rabies. Despite the high degree of purification of equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG), the product inserts still recommend a skin sensitivity test before administration of this heterologous serum. A recent WHO recommendation states that there are no scientific grounds for performing a skin test before administering ERIG because testing does not predict reactions and it should be given irrespective of the result of the test. In this conflicting situation, we assessed the use of the skin sensitivity test in predicting adverse events to ERIG. Methods. The data analysed were from the Antirabies Clinic of the Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Bengaluru, India. The period of study was 26 months (June 2008–July 2010). The skin sensitivity test was validated by evaluating its sensitivity, specificity, predictability, falsepositive and false-negative results. Results. A total of 51 (2.6%) adverse events were reported in 31 (1.5%) subjects. Most of these were mild to moderate in nature and subsided without medication. There was no serious adverse event. The sensitivity and specificity of the skin sensitivity test to predict an adverse event was 41.9% and 73.9%, respectively. Conclusion. Our experience with the skin sensitivity test suggests that it may not be required before administering ERIGs, as recommended by WHO.

Pathogenicity of different rabies virus isolates and protection test in vaccinated mice / Patogenicidade de diferentes isolados do vírus da raiva e teste de proteção em camundongos vacinados

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. For evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (IM) with 500MICLD50/0.03mL of the viruses. The cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (IC) route. Isolates were fully pathogenic when inoculated by the IC route. When inoculated intramuscularly, the pathogenicity observed showed different death rates: 60.0 percent for the Desmodus rotundus isolate; 50.0 percent for dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus isolates; 40.0 percent for Artibeus lituratus isolate; 9.5 percent Molossus molossus isolate; and 5.2 percent for the Eptesicus furinalis isolate. Mice receiving two doses of the vaccine and challenged by the IC route with the isolates were fully protected. Mice receiving only one dose of vaccine were partially protected against the dog isolate. The isolates from bats were pathogenic by the IC route in mice. However, when inoculated through the intramuscular route, the same isolates were found with different degrees of pathogenicity. The results of this work suggest that a commercial vaccine protects mice from infection with bat rabies virus isolates, in addition to a canine rabies virus isolate.

O estudo avaliou e comparou as propriedades patogênicas de cinco isolados do vírus da raiva de morcegos e um isolado do vírus da raiva de cão e analisou a eficácia de vacina comercial contra estes isolados, em camundongos. Para o estudo de patogenicidade camundongos foram inoculados pela via IM com 0,1 mL contendo 500MICLD50/0,03mL das amostras de vírus. Quando inoculados pela via IC, os isolados do vírus da raiva provocaram a morte de 100 por cento dos camundongos. No entanto, 500MICLD50/0,03mL das mesmas amostras, inoculadas pela via IM, ocasionaram mortalidade de: 60,0 por cento quando a amostra era de Desmodus rotundus; 50,0 por cento de cão e de Nyctinomops laticaudatus; 40,0 por cento de Artibeus lituratus; 9,5 por cento de Molossus molossus; e 5,2 por cento de Eptesicus furinalis. Camundongos que receberam duas doses de vacina foram protegidos quando desafiados pela via IC, com todas as amostras testadas. Quando os camundongos receberam uma dose da mesma vacina, houve proteção parcial daqueles desafiados com a amostra de cão. Todos os isolados do vírus da raiva testados foram patogênicos para camundongos, inoculados pela IC. No entanto, pela via IM, os mesmos isolados mostraram diferentes graus de patogenicidade. Concluiu-se também que a vacina comercial contra raiva protegeu os camundongos desafiados com amostras de vírus isolados de morcegos e de cão.

Equivalência e avaliação da necessidade de sorologia de controle entre esquemas de pré-exposição à raiva humana / Equivalencia y evaluación de la necesidad de serología de control entre esquemas de pre-exposición a la rabia humana / Equivalence between pre-exposure schemes for human rabies and evaluation of the need for serological monitoring

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta imune humoral do esquema de pré-exposição da raiva humana realizado pelas vias intramuscular e intradérmica e a necessidade de sorologia de controle. MÉTODOS: Estudo de intervenção controlado e randomizado, realizado em São Paulo, SP, em 2004-2005. Foram recrutados 149 voluntários, dos quais 127 (65 intradérmica e 62 intramuscular) completaram o esquema de vacinação e realizaram avaliação da resposta imune humoral dez, 90 e 180 dias após o término da vacinação. Foram considerados dois desfechos para a comparação entre as duas vias de aplicação: a média geométrica do título de anticorpos neutralizantes e a proporção de indivíduos com títulos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL) em cada momento de avaliação. Foi analisada a associação da resposta humoral com dados antropométricos e demográficos por meio de teste de médias e qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. Após a conclusão do esquema foram feitas a comparação da proporção de soropositivos pelo teste de Kruskall Wallis e a comparação dos títulos médios por análise de variância. RESULTADOS: Os títulos médios de anticorpos foram maiores nos indivíduos que receberam as vacinas por via intramuscular. A percentagem de voluntários com títulos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL) diminuiu com o tempo em ambos os grupos, porém, no grupo que recebeu as vacinas por via intradérmica, a proporção de títulos satisfatórios no dia 180 variou de 20 por cento a 25 por cento, enquanto pela via intramuscular variou de 63 por cento a 65 por cento. Não se observou associação da resposta imune humoral com as variáveis demográficas ou antropométricas. CONCLUSÕES: A sorologia após a terceira dose pode ser considerada desnecessária em indivíduos sob controle quanto à exposição, uma vez que 97 por cento e 100 por cento dos voluntários vacinados, respectivamente por via intradérmica e pela via intramuscular, apresentaram níveis de anticorpos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the humoral immune response to the pre-exposure schedule of human rabies vaccination through intradermal and intramuscular routes, as well as the need for serological monitoring. METHODS: A randomized and controlled intervention study was carried out in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from 2004-2005. There were 149 volunteers, of which 127 completed the vaccination schedule (65 intradermal and 62 intramuscular) and underwent humoral immune response evaluation at ten, 90 and 180 days post-vaccination. Two outcomes were considered for comparing the two routes of administration: the geometric average of neutralizing antibody titers and the proportion of individuals with satisfactory titers (> 0.5 IU/mL) at each evaluation point. The association of the humoral immune response with anthropometric and demographic data was analyzed through a normal distribution test and a chi-square test with a Yates correction. After completion of the vaccination schedule, the proportion of seropositive results was compared by the Kruskall Wallis test, and the average titers were compared by variance analysis. RESULTS: the average antibody titers were higher in patients who were vaccinated intramuscularly. The percentage of volunteers with satisfactory titers (> 0.5 percent IU/mL) decreased over time in both groups. However, in the group vaccinated intradermally the rate of satisfactory titers on day 180 ranged from 20 percent to 25 percent, while the intramuscular route varied from 63 percent to 65 percent. An association between the humoral immune response and the demographic and anthropometric variables was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Serology after the third dose can be considered unnecessary in unexposed patients, since 97 percent and 100 percent of volunteers respectively vaccinated by the intradermal and intramuscular route presented satisfactory antibody levels (> 0.5 percent IU/mL).

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la respuesta inmune humoral del esquema de pre-exposición de la rabia humana realizado por las vías intramuscular e intradérmica y la necesidad de serología de control. MÉTODOS: Estudio de intervención controlado y aleatorio, realizado en Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil, en 2004-2005. Fueron reclutados 149 voluntarios, de los cuales 127 (65 intradérmica y 62 intramuscular) completaron el esquema de vacunación y realizaron evaluación de la respuesta inmune humoral 10, 90 y 180 días posterior al término de la vacunación. Fueron considerados dos resultados para la comparación entre las dos vías de aplicación: el promedio geométrico del título de anticuerpos neutralizantes y la proporción de individuos con títulos satisfactorios (> 0,5 UI/mL) en cada momento de la evaluación. Fue analizada la asociación de la respuesta humoral con datos antropométricos y demográficos por medio de prueba de medias y chi-cuadrado con corrección de Yates. Posterior a la conclusión del esquema fueron realizadas la comparación de la proporción de seropositivos por la prueba de Kruskall Wallis y la comparación de los títulos promedios por análisis de varianza. RESULTADOS: Los títulos promedios de anticuerpos fueron mayores en los individuos que recibieron las vacunas por vía intramuscular. El porcentaje de voluntarios con títulos satisfactorios (> 0,5 UI/mL) disminuyó con el tiempo en ambos grupos, sin embargo, en el grupo que recibió vacuna por vía intradérmica la proporción de títulos satisfactorios en el día 180 varió de 20 por ciento a 25 por ciento, mientras que por la vía intramuscular varió de 63 por ciento a 65 por ciento. No se observó asociación de la respuesta inmune humoral con las variables demográficas o antropométricas. CONCLUSIONES: La serología posterior a la tercera dosis puede ser considerada innecesaria en individuos bajo control con respecto a la exposición, una vez que 97 por ciento y 100 por ciento de los voluntarios vacunados...

Características relatadas sobre animais agressores submetidos ao diagnóstico de raiva, São Paulo, Brasil, 1993-2007 / Characteristics of biting animals submitted to rabies diagnosis, São Paulo State, Brazil, 1993-2007

As pesquisas relativas a agressões por animais baseiam-se em dados de registros de pacientes atendidos nos serviços de vigilância epidemiológica da raiva. Analisaram-se as características de animais agressores, obtidas a partir de dados de 10.616 fichas de envio de amostras para diagnóstico da raiva na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1993-2007. Desse total de fichas, 61,5 por cento continham informações sobre agressão e, dentre os animais agressores (25 por cento), a maioria foi de cães (67 por cento), seguidos por gatos (21,8 por cento) e quirópteros (8,1 por cento). Em 92,1 por cento dos relatos as vítimas eram pessoas e 82,3 por cento dos animais eram domiciliados. A maioria dos cães agressores tinha até um ano de idade. Houve associação significante (p < 0,0001) entre agressividade e sexo, sendo os machos mais agressores do que as fêmeas. Dos animais positivos para raiva, 75,9 por cento (183/241) eram agressores. Os dados obtidos são importantes para a instituição de programas de prevenção de mordeduras, baseados no perfil não só da vítima, mas também do animal agressor, além de permitirem estabelecer fatores de risco para ocorrência de agressões.

Epidemiological factors related to animal bites in humans and other animals were obtained from a database with 10,616 records of animal specimens sent for rabies diagnosis in northwest São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1993 to 2007. Of this total, 61.5 percent contained information on the bites, and among the biting animals (25 percent), the majority were dogs (67 percent), followed by cats (21.8 percent), and bats (8.1 percent). In 92.1 percent of the reports the victims were humans, and 82.3 percent of the animals were home pets. The majority of the biting dogs were less than a year old. There was a significant association (p < 0.0001) between aggressiveness and gender (with male animals more aggressive than females). Of the rabies-positive animals, 75.9 percent (183/241) were biters. The data are important for establishing bite prevention programs based on the profile of both victims and biting animals, besides identifying risk factors for animal bites.